| Federalism | a form of government in which power is divided between the federal government and the states |
| Sixteenth Amendment | The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. |
| Federal system | a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and a number of individual states |
| Seventeenth Amendment | allowed americans to vote directly for U.S senators |
| Unitary system | a government that gives all key powers to the national or central government |
| Confederate system (Confederation) | a government that gives all key powers to the states |
| cooperative federalism | Cooperation among federal, state, &local govts; "marble cake" federalism |
| Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation | very weak federal gov't, no power to tax, |
| land grants | first form of grants-in-aid to the states by the federal govenrment were in this form |
| National powers | controlling trade between states; creating army; coin and printing money; admiting new states; declaring war and peace; making laws for immagration |
| categorical grants | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or "categories," of state and local spending. They come with strings attached, such as nondiscrimination provisions. |
| Concurrent powers | Powers for both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
| Great Society | 1964, LBJ's policies of fighting poverty and racial injustice |
| State powers | Control public schools,Control local elections,Set up governments, Control trade in states, provide laws for safety,health, and welfare. |
| Revenue sharing | Giving money back to the state and local government with no strings attached |
| Enumerated powers | 17 powers explicitly given to Congress in the Constitution |
| New Federalism | system in which the national government restores greater authority back to the states |
| Implied powers | powers that congress has that are not stated explicitly in the constitution |
| block grants | Money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines |
| Reserve powers | powers granted ONLY to the states |
| intergovernmental lobby | An interest group made up of mayors, governors, and other state and local officials who depend on federal funds |
| Bill of attainder | A legislative act that inflicts punishment without a court trial |
| Ex post facto laws | A law which punishes people for a crime that was not a crime when it was committed. Congress cannot pass these laws. |
| devolution | The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states. |
| "Full faith and credit" clause | Constitution's requirement that each state accept the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state |
| preemption | the judicial principle asserting the supremacy of federal over state legislation on the same subject |
| interstate compacts | Agreements btwn states to work together on common issues |
| Contract with America | republican plan for political reform [devolution] |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | states did not have power to tax the national bank, reinforces supremacy clause |
| Necessary and proper clause | Constitutional clause that gives congress the power to make all laws "necessary and proper" for executing its powers |
| mandates | terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants |
| Supremacy clause | The constitutional provision that makes the Constitution and federal laws superior to all conflicting state and local laws. |
| US v. Lopez | The Court held that Congress had exceeded its commerce clause power by prohibiting guns in a school zone. |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government |
| Commerce clause | The section of the Constitution in which Congress is given the power to regulate trade among the states and with foreign countries. |
| Dual federalism | A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. |
| Dred Scott v. Sandford | Supreme Court case that supported slavery by saying slaves are property not citizens. (1857) |
| Tenth Amendment | Amendment stating that the powers not delegated to the federal gov. are reserved to the states |
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